• Vascular Ultrasound
• Abdominal Ultrasound
• Echocardiography
• Small Parts
• Transcranial Doppler (TCD)

• Blockages to blood flow, such as clots.
• Build-up of plague inside the vessel.
• Congenital malformation.

With knowledge about the speed and volume of blood flow gained from an ultrasound image, the physician can often determine whether a patient is a good candidate for a procedure like angioplasty.

CAROTID

The mostfrequent reason for a carotid ultrasound exam is to detect narrowing, or stenosis, of the carotid artery, which substantially increases the risk of stroke. If the exam shows narrowing of one or both carotid arteries, your physician may suggest medication, noninvasive angiography, or an operation to restore normal blood flow to the brain. In this way a stroke may be prevented.

Other reasons for performing carotid ultrasound are:

• To locate a hematoma, a collection of clotted blood that may slow and eventually stop blood flow. To detect dissection of the carotid artery, a split between layers of the arterywall that may lead to obstruction of blood flow or a weakening of the wall of the artery.
• To check the state of the carotid artery after surgery to restore normal blood flow.
• To verify the position of a metal stent placed to maintain carotid blood flow.

VENOUS

The most common reason for a venous ultrasound exam is to search for blood clots, especially in the veins of the leg. These clots may break off and pass into the lungs, where they can cause a dangerous condition called pulmonary embolism. If found in time, there are treatments that can prevent this from happening.

Other reasons to do a venous ultrasound study:

• Find the cause of long-standing leg swelling.
• Aid placement of a needle or catheter in a large interior vein. Sonography can help locate the exact site of the vein in and avoid complications, such as bleeding or air in the chest cavity.
• Map out the veins in the leg or arm so that segments may be removed and used to bypass an area of disease.
• Examine a blood vessel graft used for dialysis if it is not working as expected; an area of narrowing in the graft may be responsible.

ARTERIALArterial Disease

Ultrasound imaging of the body's arteries can help the radiologist see and evaluate blockages to blood flow, The most common cause is atherosclerosis often called hardening of the arteries OR plague in arteries. With knowledge about the arterial blood flow gained from an ultrasound image, the radiologist can often determine whether a patient is a good candidate for a procedure like angioplasty. Ultrasound images may also be used to plan or review the success of procedures that graft or bypass blood vesselssuch as renal (relating to the kidney) artery bypass.

• Peripheral Vascular Diseases
• Aneurysms, Stenosis, Occlusions - Upper & Lower Limbs
• Carotid - Vertebral Stenosis
• Renal Artery Stenosis
• Mesenteric Artery Stenosis

ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND

ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND

Ultrasound imaging is used extensively for evaluating the kidneys. liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and blood vessels of the abdomen. Because it provides real-time images, it can also be used to:

• Guide procedures such as needle biopsies in which needles are used to sample cells from organs for laboratory testing
• Help a physician determine the source of many abdominal pains, such as an inflamed appendix or stones in the gall bladder or kidney, for laboratory testing.
• Help identify the cause for enlargement of an abdominal organ.

PELVIC ULTRASOUND

For women, ultrasound examinations can help determine the causes of pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding or other menstrual problems. Ultrasound images can also help to identify palpable masses such as ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids, as well as ovarian or uterine cancers. Other applications include evaluation of the uterine cavity looking for uterine anomalies (abnormal uterine shapes since birth) or scars. A pelvic ultrasound exam can help identify stones, tumors and other disorders in the urinary bladder in men and women. Because ultrasound provides real-time images, it can also be used to guide procedures, like needle biopsies, in which a needle is used to sample cells from an abnormal area for laboratory testing. Doppler sonography is another method of ultrasound that can be used to evaluate blood flow in pelvic vessels.

Obstetric ultrasound should be performed only when clinically indicated. Some indications may be:

• To establish the presence of a living embrvo/fetus.
• To estimate the age of the pregnancy.
• To diagnose congenital abnormalities.
• Toevaluatethepositionofthefetus.
• To evaluate the position of the placenta.
• To determine if there are multiple pregnancies.
• To determine the amount of amniotic fluida round the fetus.
• To check for opening or shortening of the cervix or mouth of the womb.

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

What is echocardiography?
Echocardiography, also known as an 'Echo', is a method of obtaining images of the heart by using high frequency sound waves.. It provides information about heart chambers size, wall motion, valve movement, and structural changes in and around the heart.

No x-ray or radiation is involved in this procedure.

Echocardiography has become an essential part of assessment of the heart. It is the next
step from ECG and in many cases has replaced cardiac catheterisation (angiogram).

What is echocardiography?
It is a method of studying the heart and the adjacent great vessels using ultrasound.

What is it used for?
Echocardiography is used to study the structure and function of the chambers of the heart, the integrity of the valves and the coverings of the heart.

Echocardiography is an appropriate investigation in the following conditions:

• To evaluate the function of the heart in heart failure.
• To investigate cardiac murmurs (abnormal heart sounds).
• To evaluate the function of the hearts valves.
• To evaluate the heart after cardiac infarction or angina.
• To find causes for chest pain, breathlessness and swollen ank

To screen for any congenital abnormality

PROSTATE

For men, ultrasound of the prostate gland may be warranted if a blood test result is elevated or if a nodule is felt by a physician during a routine physical exam or prostate cancer screening exam. An ultrasound exam can also indicate other types of prostate conditions, such as inflammation of the prostate, or it can be used to help diagnose the reasons for a man's infertility.

Because ultrasound provides real-time images, it also can be used to guide procedures, such as needle biopsies, in which a needle is used to sample cells from an abnormal area for laboratory testing.

SCROTUM

For males, ultrasound is a valuable tool for evaluating the testes, the epididymis (a tube that collects sperm made by the testicles) and the prostate. Scrotal ultrasound imaging can help determine the cause of testicular pain or swelling. Some of the problems ultrasound imaging can identify include: inflammation of the scrotum, an absent or undescended testicle, testicular torsion. abnormal blood vessels or a lump or tumor.

A sudden onset of pain in the scrotum is very serious. The most common cause of scrotal pain is epididymitis. an inflammation of the epididymis. It is treatable with antibiotics. Left untreated, this condition can lead to an abscess or loss of blood to the testicles.

Ultrasound can detect an absent or undescended testicle Ultrasound can identify testicular torsion, the twisting of the spermatic cord that contains the vessels that supply blood to the scrotum. Ultrasound also can be used to locate and evaluate masses (lumps or tumors) in the scrotum.

THYROID

A physician may use an ultrasound examination of the neck to help diagnosis a lump in the thyroid or a thyroid that is notfunctioning properly.

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